Between Society and Self: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Psychosocial and Socio-Economic Drivers of Substance Use Among Youth in Kaduna Metropolis, Northwest Nigeria

Abstract

Substance use among young people has emerged as a critical public health concern globally, with rising prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Psychosocial factors such as peer influence, family dynamics, social support, and psychological wellbeing are known drivers, yet little is documented in northern Nigeria. This study investigated the psychological and socio-economic determinants of substance use among youth in Kaduna Metropolis. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1000 youths aged 18–35 years, selected through multistage cluster sampling. Standardised instruments were used: Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale (RSES). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson correlations, and multivariate logistic regression were employed. The lifetime prevalence of substance use was 42.8% (n=428), and current use prevalence was 36.8% (n=368). Alcohol (32.5%), cannabis (16.8%), and tramadol (14.2%) were the most common substances. Correlation analysis revealed significant interrelationships among all psychosocial and socio-economic variables. Multivariate analysis revealed very high and significant correlations between current substance use and peer pressure (AOR=8.12, 95% CI: 5.78-11.41, p<0.001), family dysfunction (AOR=4.95, 95% CI: 3.52-6.96, p<0.001), psychological distress (AOR=5.65, 95% CI: 4.01-7.96, p<0.001), and low SES (AOR=3.22, 95% CI: 2.28-4.55, p<0.001). High perceived social support was protective (AOR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.26-0.55, p<0.001). Psychosocial factors strongly influence substance use among Kaduna youth. Interventions targeting peer group dynamics, mental health, and family/social support are urgently needed.